Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can affect more than just activity

Dealing with ADHD

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Hyperactivity, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, better known as ADHD, is a disorder in children and adults characterized by hyperactive behaviour, inappropriate attention and impulsiveness and difficulty concentrating.

ADHD is further described as difficulty staying seated, sitting still and running and climbing excessively on things.

Inattention is defined as a failure to finish tasks started, easily distractibility, seeming lack of attention and difficulty concentrating on tasks requiring sustained attention. Impulsivity is defined as acting before thinking, difficulty taking turns, problems organizing work and constant shifting from one activity to another. Other characteristics of this disorder include poor school performance, emotional lability, depression, opposition, anxiety, aggressiveness, low frustration tolerance and poor peer relationships.

Learning difficulty is often associated with hyperactivity due to the child’s inability to focus their attention on schoolwork. Children with hyperactivity have normal and above average IQs and intelligence.

Hyperactivity occurs in 5% to 10% of school-aged children and is ten times more common in boys than in girls. Onset is typically before the age of tree and invariably before the age of seven. The average age of children with this disorder is between eight and 12. Intensity and severity of this disorder vary considerably.

Hyperactive children may experience symptom free periods lasting for weeks to months. Exacerbations and remissions are common. Hyperactivity is not limited to children and can occur in adolescents and adults. Adolescents and adults who display hyperactive behaviour as children often retain residual effects. Fidgetiness, restlessness, difficulty completing assigned tasks and difficulty focusing attention for extended periods are common traits.

The exact cause of hyperactivity is not known. Biochemical, physiological and behavioural causes have been suggested. Genetics and family history play a strong role in the occurrence and the development of this disorder.

Diagnosis of hyperactivity is based on the exclusion of other disorders and is suggested based on observation of specific behaviours associated with the disorder. A proper medical examination, family, school and social history and lab tests are also important to rule out other possible causes of hyperactive behaviour.

Conventional medical treatment of hyperactivity focuses drug therapy to treat this disorder. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, or Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta and Vyvanse, are widely prescribed to help control symptoms of this condition. These drugs increase activity in the brain that control attention, focus and behavior.

Side effects of these stimulant drugs include sleep disturbance and insomnia, depression or sadness, headaches, stomach aches, decreased appetite, rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure and stunted growth.

Behavioural therapy and counselling to both parents and child may be beneficial. Consistent parenting techniques, establishing boundaries and limits, token rewards and a structured daily environment with routine should be incorporated into the treatment approach.

Drug, environmental and food allergies and sensitivities may contribute to hyperactive behavior. Aluminum, lead and other toxic metals may contribute to abnormal behaviour and affect learning.

Food sensitivities and allergies may be associated with behavioral changes and poor learning outcomes. A diet high in added sugars from foods, candies, snacks and soft drinks can affect concentration, focus and promote hyperactivity. Many parents report increased arousal and hyperactive behaviour following the consumption of foods high in refined sugar.

A diet high in processed foods can also affect learning and behaviour. A whole, unprocessed diet emphasizing high quality protein, healthy complex carbohydrates, fruits and vegetables is recommended for overall health and to promote cognition and learning.

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies including B-vitamins, iron and magnesium can affect concentration and focus. A lab test can determine if these levels are low or not and if supplementation may be needed.

A diet rich in omega-3 fats and oils contains ample amounts of docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid of EPA has been reported to help improve focus and learning. For those who do not or cannot consume fish more than 3 times per week may consume a supplement containing a mixture of DHA and EPA.

Some parents report consumption of foods and beverages that contain caffeine have a mild stimulant affect on the brain of affected individuals and can help improve concentration and focus. While not a direct replacement of drug therapy, these stimulant foods can have some direct effect on brain function.

Amino acid precursors to brain neurotransmitters have also been reported to be helpful in some individuals with hyperactivity. Amino acids like gamma amino butyric acid or GABA, l-theanine, tryptophan or 5-hydroxytryptophan and tyrosine can increase levels of brain neurotransmitters and improve both behavior and mood. Several different botanical medicines such as chamomile, hops, passionflower and Valerian are believed to work by modulating GABA receptors in the brain. Additionally, the hormone melatonin can be helpful, particularly for individuals with sleep problems.

While diet and supplements can be markedly helpful for some individuals with hyperactivity, impulsiveness and lack of focus other individuals may need prescription medicine to function in a demanding school or work environment.

The information provided in this article does not, and is not intended to, constitute medical advice. All information and content are for general information purposes only.

This article is written by or on behalf of an outsourced columnist and does not necessarily reflect the views of Castanet.

Treating prostate problems

Prostate health

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The prostate gland is a walnut shaped gland located around the urethra at the outlet of the bladder.

Biologic males only have a prostate gland, females do not. The main purpose of the prostate gland is to produce prostatic fluid. The prostate gland contributes a secretion containing acid phosphatase, citric acid and proteolytic enzymes. The intention of prostatic fluid is to help liquify semen and make it more fluid so sperm can travel easier. The rate of production of prostate fluid increases with sexual stimulation.

Prostate enlargement is an abnormal enlargement of the prostate causing variable degrees of bladder outlet obstruction. Benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH is estimated to affect 50% of men over the age of 50. Eighty percent of men over the age of 80 are affected by benign prostatic enlargement.

Symptoms of prostate enlargement include increased frequency of urination, urination at night, incomplete bladder emptying, inability to void, overflow incontinence and terminal dribbling. Hesitancy and intermittency with decreased size and force of urinary stream may occur.

The exact cause of prostate enlargement is not entirely known but hormone imbalances are known to play an important role in its development. BPH is caused by an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland which irritates the bladder and urethra. Because of its position around the urethra, enlargement of the prostate quickly interferes with passage or urine from the bladder.

Urination becomes increasingly difficult and the bladder never feels completely emptied. If left untreated, continued enlargement of the prostate eventually obstructs the bladder completely and emergency measures may be necessary to empty the bladder.

Diagnosis of BPH by a physician should be based on symptoms, a physical exam and blood work. A regular checkup and prostate exam are recommended once per year after the age of 50. Prostate cancer may present with similar symptoms and it is hard to differentiate from BPH.

Conventional medical treatment of prostate enlargement focuses on drug therapy and surgery to fix rectify abnormal enlargement. The most prescribed drugs for prostate enlargement are tamsulosin, dutasteride and finasteride.

Tamsulosin is sold under the brand name Flomax or as a generic drug. It helps to relax the muscles in the bladder and prostate gland and make flow easier. The most common side effects of tamsulosin include dizziness, runny nose and indigestion.

Dutasteride and finasteride sold under the brand names Avodart, Proscar and Propecia inhibits the enzyme responsible for conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone or DHT. Dihydrotestosterone is more active than testosterone in stimulating prostate growth and enlargement.

These drugs are often recommended for male pattern baldness in men and works by inhibiting the hair loss causes by increased DHT levels. The most common side effects of these DHT inhibitors are allergic reactions, breast gland enlargement and skin rash.

A surgical procedure called trans urethral resection of the prostate or TURP is the medical treatment of choice that does not respond to drug therapy.

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among men in Canada. One in eight men will develop prostate cancer in their lifetime and one in 30 men will die from it. Twenty two percent of all new cancers in men are diagnosed as prostate cancer. Slightly less than 28,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer this year in Canada.

Risk factors for prostate cancer include increasing age, family history, being overweight, black ethnicity, inactivity and lack of exercise, genetic mutations including BRCA1/2, a high fat and cholesterol diet, low intake of vitamin E, selenium and zinc and other dietary antioxidants, being tall, tobacco and alcohol use, pesticide exposure and toxic metal exposure like cadmium.

Diagnosis of prostate cancer is based in PSA blood test, digital exam and imaging tests including ultrasound, CT scan and MRI. Tissue biopsy can confirm the diagnosis of cancerous cells.

Prostate specific antigen or PSA is a protein produced in the prostate gland. It also helps to liquify sperm and make movement easier. PSA is produced in normal, as well as abnormal prostatic tissue. It is not specific to prostate cancer and can be elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia.

PSA tends to increase with age. It has clinical utility in the diagnosis of both BPH and prostate cancer and may be also elevated with prostatitis or infection of the prostate and other physical activities such as riding a bike. A PSA test is a simple blood test that can be ordered by a physician as part of routine male exam.

Naturopathic treatment of prostate problems, include dietary suggestions such as decreasing high fat foods, alcohol and sugar. Also, increasing consumption of broccoli family vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and kale is recommended. Incorporating soybean products such as soymilk, as well as tomatoes, pumpkin seeds and walnuts, green tea, pomegranate juice and other dark berries can also help. Minerals, including selenium and zinc may be beneficial. Herbal supplements, including bee pollen, phytosterols, pygeum and saw palmetto may be beneficial for prostate health.

The information provided in this article does not, and is not intended to, constitute medical advice. All information and content are for general information purposes only.

This article is written by or on behalf of an outsourced columnist and does not necessarily reflect the views of Castanet.

Staggering rise in metabolic syndrome case in NorthAmerica

Metabolic syndrome

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Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of five related health conditions, including abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high triglycerides and low HDL or good cholesterol.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of five related health conditions, including abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high triglycerides and low HDL or good cholesterol.

The rates of metabolic syndrome in the North American population are staggering. It is estimated that one in three Americans has metabolic syndrome. It is further estimated one in four Canadians, or more, may also have this condition.

The consequence of having this condition is catastrophic to human health. It believed to be related to 43% of all deaths in Canada. As the incidence and degree of metabolic syndrome increases, there is direct and proportional decrease in longevity and increase in fatality.

Having metabolic syndrome significantly increases your risk of developing atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, heart disease, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, diabetes, insulin resistance, liver disease especially NAFLD of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and kidney disease.

Being overweight is the major risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Having a pear-shaped accumulation of fat around the abdominal or midsection is called truncal obesity. It is a hallmark sign of this condition.

Body mass index or BMI is a measurement of total body fat expressed as a percentage of total body weight. A BMI greater than 30 or 30% total fat content, puts you at high risk for developing this syndrome.

Having three or more of these signs is diagnostic of metabolic syndrome: a waist circumference greater than 40 inches for men or 35 inches for women, blood pressure greater than 130/85 millimetres of pressure units, fasting glycerides greater than 150 mg/dl, fasting blood sugar greater than 100 mg/dl, HDL or good cholesterol reading less than 40 mg/dl.

Eating too much, especially refined sugars and processed carbohydrate foods, is a direct cause of the development of metabolic syndrome in adults. Sugary drinks like pop, fruit juices and alcohol contribute to weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. Also, sugary snacks like candy bars, donuts and refined pastries, ice cream, white bread and snack foods like potato chips contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome.

Other factors that contribute to the development of this condition may include genetics, sedentary lifestyle or lack of daily exercise or movement, cigarette smoking, advancing age or just getting older, thyroid disease, COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or other lung disease, advanced rheumatic diseases and use of prescription medicines that contribute to weight gain including anti-depressants and other mood stabilizing medicines.

High fasting insulin levels occur with this syndrome. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that helps the body utilize sugar obtained from dietary sources. Insulin increases cellular absorption of sugar from the blood stream. The amount of insulin released from the pancreas is directly proportional to the amount of sugar the body obtains from food. The higher the sugar content of the food consumed the more insulin is released.

Insulin resistance is the term used to describe the lack of sensitivity to insulin at the receptor on the cell wall. Insulin normally binds to a protein receptor in the wall of the body’s cells. The binding of insulin increases glucose transport across the cell wall membrane into the interior of the cell where it can be broken down to create energy.

Consuming a high content of refined sugar initially increases the amount of insulin released from the pancreas. Over time the body’s cells become sensitized to the higher level of insulin. As a result, the amount of insulin receptors in the cell wall may decrease to accommodate for the unusually high levels of insulin. This may result in a decrease of the number of insulin receptors or a further decrease in a cellular biochemical pathway involving the uptake of sugar.

High intake of sugars can lead to the development of pre-diabetes and diabetes. High blood sugar levels as measured by fasting blood sugar or hemoglobin A1C. Hemoglobin is an iron containing protein in red blood cells that functions to carry inhaled oxygen in the blood stream. The percentage of sugar stuck to the hemoglobin reflects a longer-term snapshot of sustained blood sugar levels over the last 3 months.

Since I have been practicing naturopathic medicine, I have seen the diagnostic limits of hemoglobin a1c dramatically lower. Now a hemoglobin a1C between 5.7 to 5.9% is considered high whereas years ago it was higher. This has led to an increase in the diagnosis of diabetes and the relatively newer term called pre-diabetes.

Diet and lifestyle changes are tantamount to treating metabolic syndrome. Stop eating added sugary foods. Stop or reduce ultra-refined and processed foods. Eat whole foods including fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and cereals, nuts and seeds and high-quality protein foods. Get moving and start exercising. Make exercise a daily routine. Take steps to break the vicious cycle that leads to metabolic syndrome.

The information provided in this article does not, and is not intended to, constitute medical advice. All information and content are for general information purposes only.

This article is written by or on behalf of an outsourced columnist and does not necessarily reflect the views of Castanet.

Depression is the most common psychological disorder

Dealing with depression

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Depression is a common psychological disturbance that is characterized by loss of pleasure in life, lack of joy or happiness, melancholic outlook and generalized ill health.

It is the most common psychological disorder in the general population. Ten per cent to 20% of the general population suffer from this affliction at one time or another. Twenty per cent to 50% of patients in general practice are affected by depression to some degree. Thirty per cent to 60% of general hospital in-patients suffer from depression.

Signs and symptoms of this disorder include poor appetite with weight loss or increased appetite with weight gain, lack of sleep or insomnia, too much sleep or hypersomnia, agitation or depression of movement and muscle coordination, loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities, loss or decrease in sexual drive, feelings of worthlessness, self-reproach or inappropriate guilt, diminished ability to think and concentrate and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

There are two main categories of depression. Unipolar depression is characterized by one or more episodes of depression alone. Bipolar depression is characterized by episodes of depression alternating with periods of mania. Additionally, seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is another type of depression that occurs with decreased levels of sunshine experienced in the winter months.

Undiagnosed medical illness often presents as depression and should be considered in the evaluation of any sick patient. Hormone dysfunction, infectious disease, cancer, nutritional deficiencies and stress can present with signs and symptoms of depression.

Diagnosis of depression is based on symptoms presented to the clinician. Asking a direct and straight forward question of asking if the patient thinks they are depressed or not, is helpful.

Often referred to as a disease of exclusion, there is not a reliable blood or lab test that confirms the diagnosis of depression. Lab tests rule out other underlying conditions that may cause or contribute to depression.

Anemia, low iron, low Vitamin b12, other Vitamin B deficiencies, hypothyroidism, diabetes and blood sugar irregularities and other abnormalities may be diagnosed through proper blood tests.

Cortisol abnormalities have been suggested to be related to depressive episodes. Both low and high levels and abnormalities in daily rhythm of cortisol levels have been observed in depressed patients. Cortisol levels vary throughout the day and lab tests have a broad range. The clinical utility of measuring cortisol levels does little to change treatment.

Conventional medical treatment of depression is based on drug therapy. Tricyclic antidepressants were discovered in the 1950s and marketed later that decade. Amitriptyline, doxepin, imipramine, and nortriptyline are examples of tricycle antidepressants. While effective they are often not prescribed because of side effects including fatigue, weight gain and digestive disturbance.

Slow serotonin re-uptake inhibitors are a newer category of antidepressant that increases serotonin levels by decreasing its breakdown between adjacent nerves or neurons. Prozac or fluoxetine was the first SSRI drug marketed in the late 1980s for depression. Other SSRIs now include citalopram or Celexa, escitalopram or Lexapro, paroxetine of Paxil and sertraline or Zoloft. They all work by the same mechanism of increasing serotonin levels but have different affinities for different subtypes of serotonin receptors, different half life duration of activity and slightly different side effect profiles.

Atypical antidepressants drugs usually affect more than one type of neurotransmitter including adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin. These drugs include Bupropion or Wellbutrin, Effexor or venlafaxine, mirtazapine and trazadone.

Lifestyle habits are important in helping overcome depression. Daily exercise can be effective in improving moods. Moderate daily aerobic exercise between 30 and 60 minutes in the form of cycling, swimming, walking or other sport is recommended. Also, exercise in outdoor green space appears to be better than sterile, indoor exercise. Sleeping habits are also important in maintaining mood.

A lack of good quality sleep contributes to low mood and depression. Maintaining good sleep habits, such as avoiding stimulation before bedtime, going to bed at the same time and sleeping in a slightly cooler environment is important.

Diet is important in the treatment of depression. Neurotransmitters are made from specific amino acid precursors in our food. Specific amino acids for this purpose include gamma aminobutyric acid or GABA, phenylalanine, theanine, tryptophan and tyrosine. These amino acids are found in good quality protein foods. Highly processed foods are usually low in vitamin and mineral nutrient quality. Specifically, B-vitamins and trace minerals affect brain and neurological function and as cofactors in the manufacture of neurotransmitters. High sugar foods directly affect brain function, cause blood sugar fluctuations and contribute to irregularities in mood and behaviour. Good oils found in fish and vegetable oil such as olive oil help to nourish nerves or neurons in the brain.

Supplements such as B-complex vitamins, trace minerals like chromium, selenium and selenium are important for proper brain and neurotransmitter function. Amino acid supplements such as 5-hydroxytryptophan and tyrosine can improve specific neurotransmitter levels. Herbal medicines including Ashwagandha, Lion’s mane, saffron, Saint John’s wort and Siberian ginseng have also been reported to improve moods.

The information provided in this article does not, and is not intended to, constitute medical advice. All information and content are for general information purposes only.

This article is written by or on behalf of an outsourced columnist and does not necessarily reflect the views of Castanet.